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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>30.2. codeop — Compile Python code — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="31. Importing Modules" href="modules.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="30.1. code — Interpreter base classes" href="code.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/codeop.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="modules.html" title="31. Importing Modules" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="code.html" title="30.1. code — Interpreter base classes" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="custominterp.html" accesskey="U">30. Custom Python Interpreters</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-codeop"> <span id="codeop-compile-python-code"></span><h1>30.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-codeop" title="codeop: Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code></a> — Compile Python code<a class="headerlink" href="#module-codeop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/codeop.py">Lib/codeop.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-codeop" title="codeop: Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code></a> module provides utilities upon which the Python read-eval-print loop can be emulated, as is done in the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code></a> module. As a result, you probably don’t want to use the module directly; if you want to include such a loop in your program you probably want to use the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code></a> module instead.</p> <p>There are two parts to this job:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Being able to tell if a line of input completes a Python statement: in short, telling whether to print ‘<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code>’ or ‘<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">...</span></code>’ next.</li> <li>Remembering which future statements the user has entered, so subsequent input can be compiled with these in effect.</li> </ol> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-codeop" title="codeop: Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code></a> module provides a way of doing each of these things, and a way of doing them both.</p> <p>To do just the former:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="codeop.compile_command"> <code class="descclassname">codeop.</code><code class="descname">compile_command</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>source</em>, <em>filename="<input>"</em>, <em>symbol="single"</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#codeop.compile_command" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Tries to compile <em>source</em>, which should be a string of Python code and return a code object if <em>source</em> is valid Python code. In that case, the filename attribute of the code object will be <em>filename</em>, which defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<input>'</span></code>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if <em>source</em> is <em>not</em> valid Python code, but is a prefix of valid Python code.</p> <p>If there is a problem with <em>source</em>, an exception will be raised. <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> is raised if there is invalid Python syntax, and <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> if there is an invalid literal.</p> <p>The <em>symbol</em> argument determines whether <em>source</em> is compiled as a statement (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'single'</span></code>, the default) or as an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-expression"><span class="xref std std-term">expression</span></a> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'eval'</span></code>). Any other value will cause <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> to be raised.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">It is possible (but not likely) that the parser stops parsing with a successful outcome before reaching the end of the source; in this case, trailing symbols may be ignored instead of causing an error. For example, a backslash followed by two newlines may be followed by arbitrary garbage. This will be fixed once the API for the parser is better.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="codeop.Compile"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">codeop.</code><code class="descname">Compile</code><a class="headerlink" href="#codeop.Compile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Instances of this class have <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></code></a> methods identical in signature to the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>, but with the difference that if the instance compiles program text containing a <a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> statement, the instance ‘remembers’ and compiles all subsequent program texts with the statement in force.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="class"> <dt id="codeop.CommandCompiler"> <em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">codeop.</code><code class="descname">CommandCompiler</code><a class="headerlink" href="#codeop.CommandCompiler" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Instances of this class have <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__call__" title="object.__call__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__call__()</span></code></a> methods identical in signature to <a class="reference internal" href="#codeop.compile_command" title="codeop.compile_command"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_command()</span></code></a>; the difference is that if the instance compiles program text containing a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> statement, the instance ‘remembers’ and compiles all subsequent program texts with the statement in force.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="code.html" title="previous chapter">30.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="modules.html" title="next chapter">31. 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